Foundations

Before you calculate anything, you need to know what you're measuring, how you're collecting it, and what kind of variable you're looking at. These five tools build that vocabulary with scenarios instead of definitions.

Statistics Terminology & Study Designs

Live

Sort real research scenarios into observational studies and experiments, then see how the same question leads to different conclusions depending on the design.

Foundations

Sampling Errors, Bias & Variables

Live

Run biased and unbiased samples side by side on the same population and watch how a "good-looking" sample can still be wildly off.

Foundations

Frequency & Relative Frequency Tables and Histograms

Live

Drag a bin-width slider and watch the same dataset tell completely different stories depending on how you group it.

Foundations

Stem-and-Leaf Plots, Bar Graphs & Line Graphs

Live

Feed one dataset into three graph types simultaneously and see which patterns each display reveals -- and hides.

Foundations

Choosing Appropriate Graphs

Live

Match datasets to the right graph type and see why the wrong choice doesn't just look bad -- it misleads.

Foundations

Descriptive Statistics

Mean, median, standard deviation -- these numbers summarize thousands of data points into a few. These tools let you break them by dragging outliers, skewing distributions, and watching the formulas respond in real time.

Measures of Central Tendency

Live

Drag an outlier slider and watch the mean chase it while the median barely flinches. This is why we report median income, not mean income.

Descriptive

Quartiles and Box Plots

Live

Add and remove data points while the box plot rebuilds live. Outlier flags appear with the 1.5×IQR rule explained on the spot.

Descriptive

Skewness and Standard Deviation

Live

Compare z-scores across two different distributions and discover why a 90 on one exam can be more impressive than a 95 on another.

Descriptive

Probability

Loot box drops, free throw streaks, dating app match rates -- probability runs every game and every algorithm you interact with. These tools build your intuition from coin flips to Venn diagrams.

Introduction to Probability

Live

Flip coins, roll dice, and draw cards while watching experimental probability converge toward theoretical probability as trials stack up.

Probability

Understanding Probability

Live

Build your own probability distribution from scratch. A visual filling bar enforces the rule that all probabilities must sum to 1.

Probability

Basic Probability Rules

Live

Click regions of an interactive Venn diagram and watch union, intersection, and complement probabilities calculate live.

Probability

Complement and Addition Rules

Live

Set event probabilities and see the addition and complement formulas fill in with your values, step by step.

Probability

Mutually Exclusive & Independent Events

Live

Toggle between mutually exclusive and independent events and watch the Venn diagram structure change. Two concepts students constantly confuse, side by side.

Probability

Distributions

The normal curve shows up in SAT scores, daily step counts, espresso pull times, and nearly every natural process you can measure. These tools let you reshape it, sample from it, and prove the Central Limit Theorem to yourself.

Discrete Probability Distributions

Live

Enter your own probability distribution, watch the bar chart build, and see the mean and standard deviation calculate automatically as you type.

Distributions

Basic Continuous Density Functions

Live

Drag boundary markers under a smooth curve and watch the shaded area -- your probability -- change in real time.

Distributions

Parameters of the Normal Distribution

Live

Slide μ and σ and watch the bell curve stretch, compress, and shift. Convert any x-value to a z-score instantly.

Distributions

Probability Using the Normal Distribution

Live

Toggle between left tail, right tail, and between-two-values modes. The shaded area is your probability, calculated and displayed live.

Distributions

Central Limit Theorem

Live

Draw samples from skewed, uniform, and bimodal populations and watch the sampling distribution of the mean become normal before your eyes.

Distributions

Inference

Every A/B test, clinical trial, and quality control check runs on confidence intervals and hypothesis tests. These tools walk you through the logic before the formulas, so the math has somewhere to land.

Confidence Intervals -- Point Estimates and Margin of Error

Live

Enter a confidence interval to extract the point estimate and margin of error, or enter parameters to build one. Formula shown step by step.

Inference

Understanding Confidence Intervals

Live

Watch 100 confidence intervals animate one at a time. Green captures μ, red misses. The running percentage shows what "95% confident" actually means.

Inference

CI for Population Mean (σ Known)

Live

Build a confidence interval on a number line, then reverse the formula to find the sample size. Doubling precision requires quadrupling n.

Inference

Hypothesis Testing -- Terminology and Process

Live

Walk through an interactive flowchart of the hypothesis testing process. Each stage reveals its explanation when you click it.

Inference

Basics of Hypothesis Testing

Live

Select a claim type and watch the null and alternative hypotheses generate in correct notation, with the rejection region shaded in the right tail(s).

Inference

Significance Levels, Critical Values, and Test Statistics

Live

Drag the α slider and watch the rejection region, critical value, and p-value all respond in real time on a single distribution curve.

Inference

Analyzing Hypothesis Tests in Research

Live

Read a real research scenario, identify the test type, enter the statistics, and build a conclusion step by step with feedback at each stage.

Inference

Developing Hypotheses and Possible Conclusions

Live

Set your decision and the true state in a Type I / Type II error matrix. See which error applies and why these are tradeoffs, not mistakes to eliminate.

Inference

Test Statistic -- One Mean Hypothesis Test

Live

Calculate the z-value step by step with every formula substitution shown, then see it plotted on the distribution curve.

Inference

Hypothesis Test for Mean -- P-Value Approach

Live

Run a complete hypothesis test from claim to conclusion. The p-value shades on the curve, compares to α visually, and the conclusion states in both statistical and plain English.

Inference

Regression

Hours studied vs. GPA, screen time vs. sleep, ice cream sales vs. drowning rates. Regression finds the line; these tools teach you when to trust it and when correlation is lying to you.

Linear Regression Equations and Application

Live

Drag points on a scatter plot and watch the least-squares regression line and equation recalculate with every move.

Regression

Uses of Linear Regression

Live

Move one outlier and watch r jump from weak to strong. Make predictions on the regression line and see r² explained as "percent of variance."

Regression

Correlation and Causation

Live

Review real correlations -- ice cream sales vs. drowning, shoe size vs. reading level -- and identify the lurking variable that makes r meaningless.

Regression